Vomiting toxin is one of the most serious pollution in feed and raw materials. Among other fungi, vomiting toxin is produced by Fusarium graminearum. The grains most affected by this fungus are wheat, barley, oats and corn-posing a threat to animal and human health.
Spent mushroom substrate is defined as used substrate (growth medium) and all mushroom residues resulting from harvesting mushroom fruit bodies in a planting facility. Little is known about the ability of mushroom (Flaminus velutipes) substrate extracts (manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase) to degrade DON. Flammulina velutipes, also known as Flammulina velutipes, is a kind of edible fungus.
The effects of two extracts (manganese peroxidase (MnP) and lignin peroxidase (LiP)) from the substrate of flowering mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) on the inhibition of DON production and the growth of DON-producing fungus F. graminearumKR1 were tested. In vitro settings. The degradability of DON in simulated pig and poultry GIT was also tested only for lignin peroxidase extract, because in the pre-test it was found that LiP treatment had better antifungal effect than MnP treatment, and it was found in MnP and LiP. No significant differences were observed between treatments that reduce DON production. In the simulation, different concentrations of pig (1 mg/kg) and poultry (5 mg/kg) feed were used. Premix 180 g of pig and poultry feed (each DON concentration is 0.5 mg/kg DON) with LiP powder (50 U/g), and then mix with a medium that simulates the gastric and intestinal conditions (pH and time) of pigs Mix and poultry.
According to researchers, the entry of mycotoxins or their metabolites into animal products through contaminated diets is a very important issue for consumers and the market. "There are differences in the tissue deposition of mycotoxins in farm animals because of their different absorption and metabolism. Generally speaking, the accumulation of mycotoxins and their metabolites in animal muscle tissue is very low, due to their strong presence in the liver. Metabolism is usually below the detection limit. However, blood, kidney and liver contain higher levels of mycotoxins and their metabolites compared to muscle and fat tissue. Therefore, if you eat these internal organs, you should pay special attention," they said.
Growth inhibition of Fusarium graminearum
The inhibition rate of LiP treatment on Fusarium graminearum was significantly higher than that of MnP treatment. The inhibition rates of Fusarium graminearum after 7 days of MnP and LiP treatments were 23.7% and 74.7%, respectively. Microscopic examination showed that LiP treatment caused a significant change in the morphology of the fungus, resulting in significant collapse and rupture of the hyphae (filaments). Fungal cell walls are composed of glucan and chitin, which play important roles in a variety of biological functions, including maintaining the physical strength of the cell wall. In this study, compared with the control treatment, the chitinase activity of MnP and LiP treatments both increased. The observed growth inhibition is attributed to the loss of chitin synthase activity in Fusarium graminearum, which in turn impairs the growth, development and pathogenicity of the fungus.
When the Fusarium graminearum culture was treated with 50 U/mL MnP and LiP for 7 days, no DON production was detected in both treatments (the detection limit was 100 µg/kg), while the control treatment produced 9 mg/kg DON. This decrease is attributed to the ability of the two peroxidases to inhibit the growth of Fusarium graminearum, which in turn minimizes the production of DON.
Simulate the degradability of DON in pig and poultry GIT
Since LiP treatment showed better antifungal effect than MnP treatment, and no significant difference was observed between MnP and LiP treatments in reducing DON production, only LiP treatment was selected for pig and poultry GIT simulation tests. The degradation rate of DON (1 mg/kg) was 83.3% under simulated pig stomach conditions (pH 2.5) for 5 hours, and the degradation rate of simulated pig small intestine conditions (pH 6.5) was 85.1%. There was almost no degradation of DON in the control group (Figure 1). Under simulated poultry crops and proventriculus conditions (pH 4.5), the degradation rate of DON (5 mg/kg) after LiP treatment was 39.8%, and under simulated arsine conditions (pH 2.5), the degradation rate was 36.5%. In small intestine conditions (pH 6.5), the degradation rate is 67.2%. These degradable percentages were significantly higher than the control group (Figure 2).
In addition to the potential applications of manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase, the researchers also emphasized that their results provide a simplified procedure that can convert waste mushroom substrates into mushroom industry in an environmentally friendly way. Valuable by-product. They said that it is worth mentioning that MnP and LiP can be developed into antifungal agents and food or feed additives that degrade DON to avoid the economic loss of mycotoxins. However, they emphasized the need to first determine the toxicity or cytotoxicity levels of MnP and LiP and their metabolites after enzymatic digestion to ensure the safety of animals and humans. Emphasize the use of suitable carriers to increase the stability of the extract during storage.
This article is based on the research paper The Potential of Peroxidases Extracted from the Spent Mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) Substrate significantly degrades the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. The authors are Ko-Hua Tso, Chompunut Lumsangkul, Jyh-Cherng Ju, Yang-Kwang Fan And Hsin-I Chiang. The full text can be found in the Toxin Journal 2021.
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